Dog Wrinkled Skin
Malasseziasis in Dog: a Case Report in Nepal
Author: Dr.Kedar Karki
Case History:
Wesley, a 7-year-old maleGermon Shephord , was presented because of a nine-month history of hair loss and thickened, greasy skin. The dog was moderately pruritic, but the owner could not recall if pruritus had preceded or followed the appearance of the skin lesions. The dog seemed healthy otherwise. A vinegar and water solution had been used topically as well as selenium sulfide shampoo with minimal improvement. Prednisone was dispensed six months before presentation but did not seem to help. The owner had tried different brands of dog food but with no improvement.
Physical examination:
Physical examination revealed severe alopecia, hyperpigmentation, and lichenification of the ventral chest and. The legs and ventral neck were also affected. The hair was greasy and epilated easily. The outer ear canals were thickened and contained a brown discharge. The peripheral lymph nodes were moderately enlarged. Wesley's abdomen seemed distended, and the liver was palpably enlarged but non-painful. His testes were symmetrical but small and soft.
Differential diagnoses
Lichenification can be seen with many chronic infectious (bacterial, demodectic mange, fungal), allergic (fleas, food, atopy), or seborrheic skin disorders, but lichenification of the ventral neck, chest, and axillary areas is particularly characteristic of yeast dermatitis (Malassezia pachydermatitis). Lichenification is also seen in West Highland white terriers affected with epidermal dysplasia, but this was less likely in Wesley's case since epidermal dysplasia is a heritable keratinization defect in which signs usually begin between 6 and 12 months of age.
Because of the physical examination findings of abdominal distention, hepatomegaly, and small testicles, we suspected that an underlying endocrine disease (hyperadrenocorticism, hypothyroidism) may also be present.
Diagnostic tests
Cytologic examination of skin imprints showed many yeast, as well as many cocci. Skin scrapings were negative for mites. Cytologic examination of otic discharge revealed many bacteria (rods and cocci) as well as yeast. Bacterial culture of the ears grew Staphylococcus aureus and B-hemolytic Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Malassezia species. All bacteria were sensitive to several antibiotics, including enrofloxacin and cephalothin, but were resistant to gentamicin.
The results of a complete blood count showed a mild normocytic, normochromic anemia (hematocrit = 32%; normal = 35% to 57%) and a slightly elevated total white blood cell count (14,000/l; normal = 5,100 to 13,000/l) with a mild left shift (bands = 700/pl; normal = 0 to 450/l), The serum chemistry profile results revealed hyperproteinemia (8.5 g/dl; normal = 5.4 to 7.5 g/dl) presumed to be due to elevated globulin concentration (albumin concentration = 3.2 g/dl; normal = 2.7 to 4.4 g/dl). Urinalysis and ACIH stimulation test results were normal. The thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration was 0.8 ng/ml (normal -0 to 0.5 ng/ml), and free serum total thyroxine by equilibrium dialysis was 5 pmol/L (normal = 10 to 45 pmol/L). We diagnosed yeast and bacterial dermatitis and otitis secondary to hypothyroidism.
Discussion
Malassezia pachydermatis is a normal inhabitant of canine skin, especially in the areas of the external ear canals, feet, lips, and perineum.1 A change in the skin environment, such as increased sebum or moisture, or an alteration of the epidermal defense system predisposes animals to yeast overgrowth. The most common underlying diseases associated with yeast dermatitis include allergies (flea, food, or atopy), endocrinopathies (hypothyroidism or hyperadrenocorticism), or keratinization disorders such as primary seborrhea or epidermal dysplasia. Long-term exogenous corticosteroid administration or long-term antibiotic therapy may also predispose dogs to yeast or bacterial infections.2-4
Clinical signs of Malassezia dermatitis in dogs include alopecic, lichenified, erythematous skin with adherent yellow scales. Most affected animals are severely pruritic and often malodorous. Areas most commonly affected include the ventral neck, auxiliary and inguinal areas, and flexural surfaces of the hocks and elbows.2-4 With chronic infections, the skin becomes hyperpigmented3 and elephant-like. Pedal malasseziasis can present as red, moist interdigital areas, often with a concurrent bacterial infection. Brown staining of the proximal toenails has been associated with yeast paronychia.3 Breeds predisposed to malasseziasis include West Highland white terriers, cocker and springer spaniels, basset hounds, and German shepherds.2-4 Some animals may have a yeast hypersensitivity and severe pruritus with relatively few organisms.3,5
It can be diagnose Malassezia dermatitis by identifying characteristic clinical signs and cytologically examining the skin. The cytology can be performed in several ways. You could obtain a skin impression by pressing a clean, dry slide onto an affected area, and then heat-fix and stain (Diff-Quik [Dade Behring], Gram's, or Wright's stain) the slide. Alternatively, obtain scale by gently scraping a dulled scalpel blade over affected skin, and smear the debris onto a clean, dry slide that is then heat-fixed and stained. Or firmly apply clear acetate tape onto several areas of affected skin to obtain debris. Then place the tape sticky-side down onto a slide on top of a drop of new methylene blue.
View slides under 40X or 100X magnification. More than one or two yeast organisms/hpf is clinically relevant, especially in conjunction with clinical signs. Obtaining a skin biopsy sample is usually not necessary or particularly helpful, but histopathologic findings include marked parakeratotic hyperkeratosis and spongiosis with Iymphohistiocytic inflammation.2-4
Treatment for Malassezia dermatitis includes topical or systemic therapy. Topical therapy alone may be sufficient in patients with mild localized disease but may not adequately treat a generalized infection. Topical therapies include degreasing shampoos containing benzoyl peroxide, tar, or selenium sulfide and antimicrobial shampoos such as chlorhexidine (at concentrations greater than 2%), miconazole nitrate, or ketoconazole. Advise clients to shampoo the animal every two or three days initially and then decrease the frequency as the condition improves. The lather should be left on the skin for at least 10 minutes before rinsing. Other topical therapeutic options include 2% lime sulfur dip (applied after a degreasing shampoo) and leave-on 2% chlorhexidine or miconazole conditioners. In situations in which cost is a concern, you can suggest a 50:50 solution of white vinegar and water as a whole body rinse after bathing or as a daily spray on affected areas.
In cases of generalized Malassezia dermatitis, topical therapy is often used in combination with a systemic anti-fungal medication such as ketoconazole (5 to 10 mg/kg orally once or twice a day given with food). Because of the potential for hepatotoxicity, measure serum liver enzyme activities periodically in animals receiving long-term (more than three weeks) ketoconazole therapy. Itraconazole (5 to 10 mg/kg orally once a day) and fluconazole (5 mg/kg orally once a day) can also be used but are considerably more expensive.3 Oral antifungal therapy is continued for three to four weeks. To decrease medication cost, some clinicians prescribe 5 to 10 mg/kg of ketoconazole given once a day for the first 10 days and then every other day for 10 days.3 Griseofulvin is not effective against Malassezia species.Of equal importance in diagnosing and treating yeast dermatitis is identifying and addressing the underlying cause. Depending on the patient's history, signalment, and physical examination findings, other diagnostic procedures could include a hypoallergenic diet trial, tests for flea or inhalant allergies, or blood tests for endocrine or metabolic diseases.
This case was unusual because skin disease in West Highland white terriers is most commonly associated with allergies, and hypothyroidism is uncommon in this breed.
Conclusion And Recommendation
Dog was treated topically for yeast dermatitis with benzoyl peroxide shampoo (twice a week for three weeks, then once weekly) followed by a leave-on 2% chlorhexidine conditioner. He also received systemic anti-fungal medication (10 mg/kg ketoconazole orally once a day for four weeks). For the deep bacterial pyodemla, cephalexin was dispensed (22 mg/kg orally t.i.d. for eight weeks). The bacterial otitis was initially treated twice a day with a topical combination gentamicin sulfate-betamethasone valerate-clotrimazole ointment; we changed this to a topical combination enrofloxacin-dexamethasone-ear cleaner mixture (6 mI enrofloxacin, 12 mg dexamethasone, and 24 mI DermaPet Ear/Skin Cleanser [DermaPet]) when we obtained the culture results. We also prescribed levothyroxine sodium (0.022 mg/kg orally b.i.d.) and recommended a post-pill thyroid hormone measurement after three weeks ensure adequate dosage.
At the 30-day recheck visit, Wesley's lichenification was 500/0 improved. He had minimal pruritus and was starting to regrow hair on his legs. The owner reported that the dog's attitude and activity level had improved markedly. Cytologic examination of the skin showed few yeast and bacteria. Serum liver enzyme activities revealed a moderately increased alanine transaminase (331 U/L; normal = 12 to 108 U/L) suggestive of ketoconazole- induced hepatic injury. The ketoconazole dose was decreased to 10 mg/kg every other day for two weeks to resolve the residual yeast infection, and then the drug was discontinued. Five months after initial presentation, the owner reported that Wesley was doing well with no recurrence of lichenification, pruritus, or hair loss.
REFERENCES
1. Bond, R. et al.: Population sizes and frequency of Malassezia pachydermatis at skin and mucosal sites on healthy dogs. J. Small Anim. Pract. 36:147-150; 1995.
2. Scott, D. W. et al.: Fungal skin diseases. Muller & Kirk's Small Animal Dermatology, 5th Ed. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 1995; pp 329-391.
3. Muse, R.: Malassezia dermatitis. Kirk's Current Veterinary Therapy XIII Small Animal Practice (J.D. Bonagura, ed.). W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pa., 2000; pp 574-577.
4. Reberg Bruner, S.; Blakemore, J.C.: Malassezia dermatitis in dogs. Vet. Med. 94 (7):613-622; 1999.
5. Morris, D.O.; Rosser, E.J.: Immunologic aspects of Malassezia dermatitis in patients with canine atopic dermatitis. Proc. ACVD/AAVD), ACVD/AAVD, Santa Fe, N.M., 1995; pp 16-17.
6. Mason, K.V.: Cutaneous Malassezia. Current Veterinary Dermatology, 1st Ed. (C.E. Griffin et al., eds.). Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, Mo., 1993; pp 44-48.
7. A dog with elephant-like skin
Kimberly Lower, DVM; Linda Medleau, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVD; and Keith Hnilica, DVM, MS, Dipl. ACVD 8909 Iverleigh Court Potomac, Maryland 20854, www.dermapet.com/articles/art-20.html Dermapet Articles of interest 16dec 2007
Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/diseases-and-conditions-articles/malasseziasis-in-dog-a-case-report-in-nepal-324719.html
About the Author
Dr.Kedar Karki
M.V.St Preventive Veterinary Medicine
Veterinary Officer
Central Veterinary Laboratory Kathmandu Nepal
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Tagged with: Array Dogs • dog wrinkled skin • Malassezia Dermatitis • Malasseziasis Array • Wrinkled Skin
Filed under: Wrinkles
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Europeans are fat with saggy asses. Plus they don't age well. Their skin is all wrinkled by age 40 – they look like fucking hags.
How Can I Prevent Wrinkled Skin?
Something else was going on in the Plains: MASSIVE Indian Mortality. Massive. The apocalpyse of disease.
Prior to the arrival of the horse (and even after) the Indians used dogs as transportation and they were part of their culture. Some tribes ate dogs, some did not, but all had dogs and quite a lot of them. A village in the far west, prior to Lewis and Clark, might have 1,000 dogs (10 per tent was very common).
When tribes disappeared, their dogs did not, and many went feral, accounting for the large number of “wolves” seen in the Plains. Some of these “wolves” were wolves, and some coyotes, but many were Indian dogs gone feral after their masters died of disease.
The Indians had a broad array of dogs (including a terrier-like spitz-looking dog that went into beaver lodges), but most were large enough to pull Tipi poles on a 12-foot tent, and most looked a lot like wolves except that their tails tended to curl over their backs.
When people saw dogs hanging out with wolves, my bet is that those “wolves” were recently feral Indian dogs, and there were LOTS of them as disease wiped out millions.
Patrick
all you people making fun of this guy are really gay little mootha fuckas and if i ever see any one of you i will poo in my hand and throw it at you!!!!!
Frenchy’s Toy Pet Rescue is a non-profit organization that provides pet adoption in the Hawaiian Islands. We find homes for dogs and cats rescued from high-kill animal shelters, given up due medical problems, or whose owners could no longer financially care for them, or just have been retired by breeding kennel owners.
History:
Frenchy’s Tiny Pet Rescue started by accident! In December 2001, Founder Lynda Koffman and girlfriend, Lacy Harding were vacationing in Honolulu, Hawaii, when they happened upon the local Hawaii Humane Society shelter. During a quick stop to view the shelter animals, she was told the sad history of this shelter. Their facility had been a pro-kill shelter for over 40 years and had the dark, smoking stack in the back of the property still heaving black smoke from the stack as the bodies of the euthanized animals were burned going day and night. The euthanasia rate was almost 98%. You would never guess this was the case, looking at the fancy new building and nice furnishings inside for the curator and employees. A look past the fences in the back show a very dark picture of no renovations for the animals being housed for the death row if not claimed in 3 days.
Frenchy and her husband made two big decisions that day, one, decided to move to Hawaii and two, rescue three dogs that day, setting into motion a future no one could predict. The three dogs – Brown Dog, Black Dog and Lucy were “put up for adoption” via e-mails to friends and ads in local papers. In just one week, all had homes. But the calls and e-mails kept coming from folks asking Frenchy to help them find a pet. Frenchy worked with Bonnie Pang of Animal Haven in Waianae Hawaii to cover the Westside of the Island and also other no-kill dog and cat rescue in different areas.
Recognizing a demand from local animal lovers and a large supply of animals in Honolulu Hawaii, Bell began driving the 1 hour one-way trip every weekend to bring dogs and cats back to her North Shore residence for adoption. At first, the goal was just to rescue 50 animals in honor of those that are killed by lethal injection at the shelter on an almost daily basis.
Now, almost 8 years later and more than 4,500 animals rescue, Frenchy’s Toy Pet Rescue is going strong and has no plans of stopping until we can do as much as possible for all the homeless dogs and cats out there, so they may be assured of a warm, safe, loving home.
Mission:
FTPR seeks to find permanent adoptive homes in the HAWAIIAN ISLAND region for dogs and cats from high-kill shelters or whose owners can no longer care for them. In so doing, we seek to reduce the rate of euthanasia of adoptable animals through the rescue and placement of homeless animals; to support proactive spay/neuter practices; to promote positive and ongoing behavioral training; and to educate the public about how to care for their animals in a humane way. FTPR not only facilitates adoptions from local shelters, but also supports a large network of foster care providers who take homeless dogs and cats into their homes, care for them, rehabilitate them when needed, and prepare them for their permanent adoptive homes.
Sadly, without our help, all of these adoptable animals would face almost certain euthanasia – usually within days or hours of our rescuing them. Each year we take in hundreds of wonderful animals who were left at shelters by no fault of their own.
Many are puppies and kittens – innocent victims of irresponsible pet owners who don’t practice spay/neuter. Many are abandoned hunting dogs who served their owners well and were dumped in woods or left at shelters when they were no longer wanted. Many are house pets whose owners simply grew tired of caring for them or moved and did not take them along. And even more are animals that have been injured, abused and neglected. Whatever the reasons, these animals all deserve better. And once with Homeward Trails, they get better!
Our Principles:
1. To always operate in the best interest of the animals we take into our program and to advocate for the proper care of those in shelters and in private homes;
2. To provide quality care for the animals we take in for as long as they are in our program and to provide ongoing support to our adopters;
3. To always maintain a manageable number of animals in our system whereby we can ensure proper medical care, behavioral training and housing for the animals;
4. To rescue the widest array of dogs and cats by avoiding general discrimination based on breed, age, and health;
5. To provide our shelter partners and their communities with resources that will result in the highest level of care for their animals, an increase in spay/neuter surgeries and a decrease in the abuse, neglect and abandonment of dogs and cats;
6. To treat our volunteers, adopters and partners with understanding, patience and support
#Natural Help for Pet Skin Infections – natural help for pet skin infections.pdf by remedies4.com – #pdf #searches http://www.findpdf.us -
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